Google Colab (Colaboratory) is a Google cloud service for running Python code in Jupyter-style notebooks directly in the browser, with no local installation. The free tier also provides GPUs and TPUs, subject to availability and with runtime limits; paid plans offer more computing power. Colab is popular for teaching, data analysis and trying out models, and a built-in Gemini assistant helps write and fix code (as of October 2026).
Jupyter Notebook is an open-source, browser-based application from Project Jupyter that combines executable code, results, charts and explanatory text in a single document. Notebooks are widely used in data analysis, machine learning, research and teaching because each step can be documented and shared in a traceable way. Python is the most common language. Example: an analyst loads sales data, cleans it and shows the results as a chart directly below.
Kaggle is an online platform for data science and machine learning, owned by Google since 2017. It offers public data sets, competitions based on real problems, browser-based notebooks with computing resources and learning courses. For organisations and learners it is useful for trying out methods, comparing approaches or spotting talent. The licence and origin of any data set should be checked before use.
TensorFlow is an open-source machine learning framework developed by Google and released in 2015. It is used to build, train and deploy neural networks in applications, on servers or on mobile devices. Keras provides an accessible high-level interface; typical uses include image classification, forecasting and recommendation systems.
PyTorch is an open-source framework for machine learning and deep learning in the Python programming language. It was originally developed at Meta (then Facebook) and has been stewarded since 2022 by the PyTorch Foundation under the umbrella of the Linux Foundation. PyTorch is widely used in research and industry because it lets developers build models flexibly, train them on GPUs and test them step by step; many well-known language and image models are built with it.
