Kubeflow is an open-source platform for running machine learning workflows on Kubernetes, from data preparation through training and hyperparameter search to model serving. Originally initiated by Google, the project belongs to the Cloud Native Computing Foundation, where it reached “graduated” status in August 2026 (as of October 2026). It is aimed mainly at teams that train their own models at scale on their own or cloud infrastructure.
A machine learning pipeline is a defined sequence of steps that turns raw data into a deployable model: collecting and cleaning data, preparing features, training, evaluating, deploying and monitoring. Automating these steps makes results reproducible and lets new data be processed with little effort. A retailer, for instance, can retrain and test its sales forecasting model every week using the latest figures.
MLflow is an open-source platform for managing the entire life cycle of machine learning models, originally introduced by Databricks in 2018. It records experiments with their parameters and metrics, manages model versions in a registry and simplifies deployment. More recent versions also support tracing and evaluating applications built on language models. Teams can therefore trace which model was produced with which data and settings.
TensorFlow is an open-source machine learning framework developed by Google and released in 2015. It is used to build, train and deploy neural networks in applications, on servers or on mobile devices. Keras provides an accessible high-level interface; typical uses include image classification, forecasting and recommendation systems.
PyTorch is an open-source framework for machine learning and deep learning in the Python programming language. It was originally developed at Meta (then Facebook) and has been stewarded since 2022 by the PyTorch Foundation under the umbrella of the Linux Foundation. PyTorch is widely used in research and industry because it lets developers build models flexibly, train them on GPUs and test them step by step; many well-known language and image models are built with it.
