Artificial superintelligence (ASI) is a theoretical concept for an AI that significantly surpasses humans in almost all intellectual abilities, including research, planning and social judgement. No such system exists. The term is used mainly in philosophy and AI safety research to discuss questions of control and of aligning future systems with human values.
Artificial general intelligence (AGI) refers to a hypothetical AI system that can handle a broad range of intellectual tasks at human level and flexibly transfer what it has learned to new areas. Today's systems perform well on many tasks but still show limitations, for instance in reliability. There is no generally accepted definition or way of measuring it, and whether and when AGI will be achieved is disputed among experts.
The technological singularity is a theoretical notion: a point at which artificial intelligence improves itself so quickly that technological progress can no longer be predicted or controlled by humans. The term was popularised by the author Vernor Vinge and the futurist Ray Kurzweil. Whether and when this might happen is scientifically open and disputed. Nevertheless, the idea influences discussions about AI safety, regulation and long-term risks.
AI ethics deals with the moral questions surrounding the development and use of AI: fairness and discrimination, transparency and explainability, data protection, responsibility for errors, safety and the effects on work and society. For organisations it becomes concrete in guidelines, risk assessments, human oversight and honest communication about AI's limitations. Example: before a CV screening tool is introduced, it is checked for whether it disadvantages particular groups.
LLM security covers all measures that protect applications built on large language models from misuse, data leakage and unwanted behaviour. Typical risks include prompt injection, disclosure of confidential instructions or data, and agents with excessive permissions. Protection comes from several layers: clear instructions, restricted rights, checks on inputs and outputs, AI firewalls, red teaming and regular audits.
